Abstract: The invention relates to a laboratory apparatus for simultaneously carrying out reactions in a plurality of samples which are arranged in an array. The apparatus includes an illumination device, which emits illumination light onto the samples, a detection device, which generates a signal dependent on the light intensity of the light coming from the samples and which forwards the signal to an evaluation device, and a monitoring device for checking the functioning of the illumination device. The illumination device has a plurality of light-emitting diodes assigned in each case to one of the samples, and the monitoring device has electrical devices which can be used to perform an electrical functional check of the light-emitting diodes. The monitoring device is adapted to generate a signal when a functional disturbance of a light-emitting diode is ascertained. (end of abstract)

Prism in (telescopes) optical design is inevitable, if not to be able to see is legislation (rather than lying flat or inverted) of the image, is not our birthright is being used to observe the features of legislation, the Single binoculars and telescope viewing simply does not need to prism.


Test done with chicken (I remember that this test was also done their own), the chicken can be put on special glasses as it seems the world is upside down. After the staggering along for a few days later, most of them adapt quickly to the inverted world behavior without causing any inconvenience caused, and no different from the normal chicken. If the chicken can be inverted to adapt to this world, then we can be human, and many are accustomed to the use of astronomical telescopes amateur astronomers have demonstrated a similar ability, they are accustomed to using only the zenith telescope mirror, so that the telescope is about upside down (from top to bottom is legislation).


As for the rest of the majority of people, including you and me included, or are more willing to look at the features of legislation, if not to the brain to the correct completion of the scene, then they would have to use other methods, which is used in modern prism binoculars like the system to the prism.

Prism with the capacity to do because it can "bend" or, more scientifically speaking, in a number of surface reflection of light between. When light from a specific perspective of glass (optical density medium) of shooting at the air (Shu-ray media), there will be some reflection back, and the rest of the shoot it out. To understand this, imagine that we feel the window to see the house. The ratio of reflected light depends on the angle of incidence and the refractive index of glass. Refractive index of glass is used to describe the ability of the refraction of light (equal to the speed of light vacuum speed of light than glass), it is closely related to the density of glass. Prism of the more interesting features is a large incident angle to a certain degree of time (this angle can be calculated from the refractive index of glass), shooting at the glass from the glass - the air interface will be full of light reflected back to the prism itself, This is called total reflection, perfect internal reflection.

Application of total reflection prism is not limited to, optical catheter, optical fiber is an important application of it


Porro prism system in the theory as to be very effective, because four reflector could have a total reflection, there is no loss of light


But in fact, cheap Porro prism binoculars Bk7 prism used to produce the refractive index close to the lower limit of total reflection, so a good reflection prism center, but a small portion of the edge can not have a total reflection of light and the "leak" out. If you observe the pupil of the eye spot (up telescopes, far away from where they were observed in the eyepiece??) will find that the use of the telescope Bk7 prism edge of the existence of a pupil of the eye shadow edge spot.


The use of a higher refractive index glass can fix this problem, use Bak4 glass prism to the general system efficiency can be achieved as the maximum at the same level, 90-95% light transmission rate.

In addition the general characteristics of the prism there is another, as the light produced a "Z"-shaped turn, the general appearance of a prism binoculars tend to become this shape. Incident and exit pupil of the eye pupil is not a straight line, the general incidence Hitomi (objective) than the exit pupil (eyepiece) to separate a lot more). Prism telescope used to observe the general change of perspective we are used to sense and a sense of stereology. On the one hand, from the sense of being compressed, on the other hand, was increased three-dimensional sense. Similarly, the general prism telescope, we will also affect the size and distance of objects in the telescope to determine the very early development will have a roof prism, which allows the incident light and the radio to keep in a straight line. It is a straight tube from the flu, as the sense of body size is also a sense closer to the naked eye some.


(On the advantages of roof prism will be another text later, the bird-watching enthusiasts in the roof is a major reason why the prevalence of a mirror above the general roof telescope imaging telescope and a sense of different size. Birds in the roof prism binoculars look inside it is larger, in fact, is not really bigger, if the general measurement of an 8-fold and an 8-fold by imaging roof, you will find the same size. But we do it is very difficult to accept his brain to see the actual is the same as large objects. I have a friend who studied this phenomenon quantitatively, he felt that the size of the objects and the distance between the contact lens again. In this regard, the reverse Porro prism binoculars, that is, objective distance from the eyes than people would also like to near the telescope, a manifestation of this phenomenon is particularly prominent)


Roof prism It is worth noting that there are some other aspects, in the most common roof prism: prism Schmidt other Chinese, one interface can not have total reflection, the majority of light will shoot it out rather than reflection. Therefore, we must put this into a mirror-plated reflector. A thin metal reflective layer can have a reflective light. Began to use silver and aluminum until the beginning of mass production (the benefits of aluminum is not as fast as silver oxide and the lower reflectivity). Most high-level roof prism binoculars back silver coating because of its higher reflectivity for Nitrogen sealed telescope, silver oxide is difficult.


Unfortunately, even if it is the best there is no silver reflective film ATR high efficiency, lost some of the light. Aluminum prism optical losses can reach 15% Until recently, the brightness of roof prism binoculars and the community in general still can not resist the comparison.


In addition, when light from the specular reflection back to the time, the phase change. We can show a bunch of light as a shock wave in all directions, when the specular reflection from the back part of it will be polarized in the horizontal direction of the shock wave energy will be higher. Part of energy (brightness) and a part of information (resolution) is lost. As part of the two polarized beams of light interfere with each other when meeting, such losses may be even greater.

If we do not take any measures, then the roof prism binoculars and telescopes with the general level than would be some dark, some imaging software. Mentioned earlier, the bird-watching more like to use roof prism binoculars even its outline nearly imaging because it is a sense of perspective and a sense of better operation, so the complexity of more expensive roof prism binoculars have been designed.